These files provide the replication data and code for:

Jonas W. Schmid. 2025. Electoral Autocracies, Hybrid Regimes, and Multiparty Autocracies: Same, same but different?. Democratization.


The files are organised as an R project. For the replication to work, you therefore have to open the R project file in the replication folder.



All the data necessary to replicate the files are found in the "Data" folder. All the scripts in the "Scripts" folder. The latter also contains scripts to prepare the data and merge the different datasets used in the analysis. Please note that it is not necessary to do this, as the merged and prepared dataset is included. You may still re-do the data preparation to check for issues.

To find the script to replicate a specific Figure or Table from the paper (or related figures mentioned in the text), please consult the list below.







"Scripts/Comparing Indices/Comparison.R" contains the code for:

Figure 1, Figure 4, Table 3, Table C1, Figure C1, Figure D1


"Scripts/Comparing Indices/Agreement across all.R" contains the code for: 

Figure 3


"Scripts/Comparing Indices/Share_Common_Sample.R" contains the code for: 

Figure 2


"Scripts/Comparing Indices/Pairwise Agreement.R" contains the code for: 

Table E1, E2


"Scripts/Covariates/Run covariate models.R" contains the code for: 

Figure 5, Figure H1, Figure I1


"Scripts/Covariates/Intra-Regime_Analysis.R" contains the code for:

Figure G1, Figure H2, Figure I2


"Scripts/Covariates/Covariates Identify drivers of variation intrareg analysis.R" contains the code for:

Table G1


"Scripts/Covariates/Covariates Identify drivers of variation.R" contains the code for:

Table 4, Table J1



The replication codes are included in the Scripts\Replications subfolder. 



"Scripts/Replications/Miller/Replication Analysis.R" contains the code for

Figure K1



"Scripts/Replications/Kim/Kim_Replication_Analysis.R" contains the code for:

Figure K2


Both the /Kim and the /Miller subfolders include scripts to prepare the data from the original papers for replication with the additional measures. These do not need to be run, prepared data is already included in the data folder. 



